| One of the major challenges in large-scale Software-Defined Networks (SDN) is determining the optimal placement and number of controllers. Existing methods often face issues such as high latency, localization problems, and parameter configuration complexity. While density-based clustering algorithms like DBSCAN offer several advantages, they also encounter challenges, such as parameter tuning and noise caused by unnecessary distance computations. This paper introduces an enhanced algorithm named FIDBSCAN (Fast and Improved Density-Based Clustering with Noise) as an innovative approach to solving the controller placement problem. The algorithm accelerates the neighborhood search process by early pruning of noisy points and automatic input parameter determination, resulting in effective clustering for controller placement. The objective of this algorithm is to minimize the average propagation delays and the worst-case delay between controllers and switches. To evaluate the proposed method, experiments were conducted on real-world topologies, specifically Viatel and TW Telecom, obtained from the Internet Topology Zoo database. The results demonstrated that on the Viatel network, the proposed algorithm achieved a precision of 1.0, a recovery rate of 0.97, and an F-measure of 0.98, outperforming algorithms such as OPTICS, GDBSCAN, DBSCAN, DDSC, and ODBSCAN. Additionally, the clustering error rate of the proposed algorithm was 0.01, and it identified the optimal number of clusters (5 clusters) in both the Viatel and TW Telecom networks. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and Tukey tests were employed. The ANOVA test revealed significant differences in the performance of the algorithms across all metrics (Precision, Recovery Rate, F-Measure, and Clustering Error) with F=24.6 and P=0.001. The Tukey test further identified that the FIDBSCAN algorithm significantly outperformed the other algorithms in all metrics. These results, combined with high accuracy and low error rates, validate the findings and establish FIDBSCAN as an ideal solution for addressing the controller placement problem in SDN networks. |
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