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پیش بینی کوتاه مدت قیمت برق با استفاه از روش ترکیبی ANFIS-PSO | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
هوش محاسباتی در مهندسی برق | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
مقاله 7، دوره 10، شماره 1، خرداد 1398، صفحه 63-72 اصل مقاله (538.22 K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22108/isee.2019.113937.1166 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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یاسر رئیسی1؛ رحمت الله هوشمند* 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1گروه برق - قدرت، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2استاد گروه برق - قدرت، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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کلیدواژهها | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ANFIS؛ Electricity Market؛ Mutual Information Technique؛ Short Term Price Forecasting؛ Swarm Optimization | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
اصل مقاله | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1. Introduction[1]With the introduction of restructuring into the electric power industry, the price of electricity has become one of the most essential subjects in the electricity market. Accurate price forecasts are crucial for producers to maximize their profits by bidding effectively and for bulk electricity customers to maximize their utilities by load scheduling optimally. Therefore, in a competitive electricity market, efficient and robust price forecasting tools are important for all market participants [1]. Price series exhibit a great complexity. In most of competitive electricity markets, the series of prices presents the special features, such as high frequency, no constant mean and variance, daily and weekly seasonality, calendar effect on weekend and public holidays, high volatility and high percentage of unusual prices , hard nonlinear behavior, etc. that make an accurate price forecasting be a challenging task [2]. Due to the importance and complexity of short term price forecasting, it has become an important research area in electrical engineering, and several techniques have been tried out in this task, namely, hard and soft computing techniques. The hard computing techniques, based on time series [3, 4], include Auto Regressive Integrate Moving (ARIMA) [5, 6] and Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) [7] techniques. Regardless of their high computational cost, these approaches are well established to be very accurate; however, due to the use of linear modeling, most of them cannot predict the rapid changes of the price properly [8]. Fortunately, with the development of artificial intelligence,various artificial intelligence forecasting algorithms includingartificial Neural Networks (NN) [2, 8-12], Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNN) [13], Weighted Nearest Neighbors (WNN) [14] and Hybrid intelligent System (HS) [15] have been developed in price forecasting. The efficiency of soft computing techniques has close relation with the appropriate selection of input variables and the correct tuning of adjustable parameters.To overcome the instability of the NNs’ final results, some optimization algorithms, including firefly algorithm [1], whale optimization algorithm [16] and cuckoo search algorithm [17] are employed to optimize the initial weight and threshold of NNs. To develop hybrid forecasting models, WT [18] and Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) [19] have been incorporated in the forecasting model for identifying and extracting the main features of the price signal. In WT based models, first WT is applied to decompose the price series, then prediction is made in the wavelet domain using a predictive model like regression model, time series model [20], ANFIS [21], or NN [8, 22-24]; finally the inverse WT is applied to obtain the actual predicted value in time domain. During the process, there may be some loss of information. Moreover, due to the characteristics of some high frequency detailed series, these series cannot be predicted accurately [8]. In ANFIS based approaches, a fuzzy inference system is used for training the ANN [25]. Although it has better performance relative to the ANN, the large amount of training data limit its performance. By considering this fact that an increase in the number of ANFIS input variables significantly increases the number of training data, the selection of appropriate ANFIS input variables is one of the most important aspects of using ANFIS in price forecasting. In order to make ANFIS a practical approach with high accuracy in forecasting, adopting fast and precise methods in tuning ANFIS parameters is very important. In [25], several techniques are introduced in order to train ANFIS parameters. However, the convergence of parameters by these methods is very slow and depends on the initial values of parameters [26]. In [26], a method based on PSO algorithm is proposed to learn the premise and consequent parameters of ANFIS and is used in [21, 27] for electricity price forecasting. In this method, all parameters are initialized randomly in the first stage and then are being updated using PSO algorithm. In each iteration, one of the parameters is tuned and the others are kept constant. Since ANFIS structure has so many parameters to be trained, this strategy is time consuming and even impossible to reach so acceptable convergence, especially for volatile signals like electricity price. This paper presents a hybrid forecasting model to improve the accuracy of the short term electricity price forecasting. ANFIS is in the heart of the proposed approach. To limit the number of training ANFIS parameters, MI technique is used to select an appropriate set of input variables. Moreover, PSO algorithm is used to tune all parameters of ANFIS. This paper also adopts a new strategy to form the particles of PSO algorithm by considering premise and consequent parameters in a single matrix. The accuracy of the hybrid MIAP approach is examined by means of real data from the electricity market of mainland Spain, commonly used as the test case in several price forecasting papers. The proposed method is compared with some of the previous price forecasting techniques to show its effectiveness regarding the accuracy and computation time with simplicity of modeling. 2. Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System and PSO AlgorithmIn this section, ANFIS structure and PSO algorithm are described in detail. 2.1. Adaptive-network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)ANFIS is a kind of neural network that is based on Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy inference system. Since it integrates both neural networks and fuzzy logic principles, it has the potential to capture the benefits of both in a single frame work. Its inference system corresponds to a set of fuzzy IF–THEN rules that have learning capability to approximate nonlinear functions. The ANFIS architecture is shown in Fig.1. The circular nodes represent nodes that are fixed whereas the square nodes are nodes that have parameters to be learned. Layer 1: The output of each node is:
So, the is essentially the membership grade for and . The membership functions could be anything, but for illustration purposes, we will use the bell-shaped function given by:
Where are referred to as ANFIS premise parameters. Layer 2: Every node in this layer is fixed. This is where the t-norm is used to ‘AND’ the membership grades - for example the product:
Layer 3: Contains fixed nodes which calculate the ratio of the firing strengths of the rules:
Layer 4: The nodes in this layer are adaptive and perform the consequent of the rules:
Fig. 1. An ANFIS Architecture for a Two Rule Sugeno System
The parameters in this layer are to be determined and are referred to as the consequent parameters. Layer 5: There is a single node here that computes the overall output O:
This, then, is how, typically, the input vector is fed through the network layer by layer. 2.2. PSO AlgorithmPSO is multi-agent search technique that traces its evolution to the emergent motion of a flock of birds searching for food. PSO uses a number of particles that constitute a swarm. The modified velocity and position of search particle can be calculated as shown in the following formulas:
Where is the number of particles in a group; is number of members in a particle, is the pointer of iterations (generations); is the velocity of particle j at iteration t and ; , are acceleration constant, is the inertia weight factor; , are random number between ; is current position of particle at iteration ; is best position of particle and is best position of the particles. The parameter determined the resolution with which regions to be searched between the present position and the target position. The constants , represent the stochastic acceleration terms that pull each particle toward and positions, respectively ( ). Inertia weight is the balance factor between global and local exploration and often decrease linearly from about versus iteration. In general, the inertia weight is according to the equation (11).
3. Proposed approachThere is a nonlinear relation between the input and output variables in the short term price forecasting. Therefore, the ANFIS method can be employed to determine the nonlinear relation between large quantities of input and output (forecasted price) data by using inference. Although inference is used in the ANFIS approach, this system is not useful with a large quantity of training data. The more input variables are, the more training data will be. To cope with this weakness, the proposed approach limits the number of ANFIS training data by ignoring unimportant input variables. For this purpose, MI technique is used to select the best input variables which have important information concerning output and discard the others. Adapting a precise and fast method in tuning ANFIS parameters is so important to make ANFIS a practical method with high accuracy in price forecasting. The proposed approach uses PSO algorithm in a modified way to train ANFIS parameters that converge fast and increases the forecasting accuracy significantly. Our strategy is shown in Fig. 2 and can be summarized as follows; first the candidate inputs, include lagged values of prices up to 200 hours ago, and output variable are linearly normalized in the range of [0, 1]. The MI technique selects the best input variables of ANFIS network. By the selected inputs, training and validation samples are constructed based on the data of 49 days ago. Then, PSO algorithm in a modified way tunes the premise and consequent parameters of ANFIS network with high accuracy and less computation time. Finally, next-week prices will be forecasted hourly. In this section, the structure of ANFIS is mentioned generally and then the role of PSO algorithm in tuning ANFIS parameter and MI technique in selecting input variables are described. 3.1. Training ANFIS Parameters with PSORecent works proposed different approaches in order to train ANFIS parameters. Reference [25] introduces Gradient decent based methods and sequential Least Square Error (LSE) method to update the parameters of ANFIS structure. However, since the convergence of ANFIS parameters by these methods is very slow and depends on initial value of parameters, finding the best learning rate is very difficult. Therefore, in [26] a method based on PSO algorithm is proposed to learn the premise and consequent parameters of ANFIS.
Fig.2. Structure of the Proposed MIAP Strategy
In this method, ANFIS parameters are initialized randomly in the first stage and then are being updated using PSO algorithm. In each iteration, one of the parameters is being trained. In other words, in the first iteration, for example, is trained and the other parameters are held fix, then in the second iteration, is trained and the other parameters are held fix. After training all parameters again, the first parameter trains and so on. It means that every change in a parameter at each iteration changes the output value and consequently the error function. Since ANFIS has so many parameters, it is so time consuming to reach acceptable convergence if parameters are trained by this strategy. On the other hand, each of ANFIS parameter has mutual interaction with ANFIS output and they aren’t independent. This paper considers premise and consequent parameters in a single matrix P. In each iteration, PSO algorithm trains all the entries of matrix (parameters) simultaneously instead of training them individually. To explain how to construct matrix P (Eq. 11), suppose we have bell shaped membership functions for each input. There are two parameters at each membership function (its mean and variance) and then, there are parameters. If we have input variables for ANFIS, there are parameters in premise part of it and is shown in upper part of matrix P. For instance, in Fig. 1 by input variables and membership function there are premise parameters. In consequent part (layer4), there are nodes and there are parameters for each node (i.e. for two inputs, the output of ith node is ). So there are parameters in consequent part and is shown in downer part of matrix P. For instance, in Fig. 1 there are consequent parameters. Now, we can define a particle in PSO algorithm as the following equation:
In PSO algorithm, initial populations that contain different matrices in the form of are generated randomly. Selecting initial population is a key point. Some particles can be selected by random generating mean and the variance values of membership functions and consequent parameters separately and testing every possible permutation to get minimum error function. After generating initial population, the ability of each particle is evaluated. If its value is better than current or , that particle will be considered as or . For next iteration, the position and velocity of each particle are updated based on Eq. 9 and Eq. 10. This procedure is continued for all iterations. The last includes trained ANFIS parameters. 3.2. Selecting Proper ANFIS Input Variables by Mutual TechniqueANFIS is a classifying system that maps input features onto output classes. Some of features have important information concerning output and the others contain little information. To avoid the curse of complexity and dimensionality, we try to select features that contain more information about the outputs. Mutual information is a technique that we use to preprocess our data and discard unimportant features. The entropy of a discrete random variable with values and probabilities , respectively, is defined as follows [28]:
For two discrete random variables and with their joint pdf , the joint entropy of and is defined as:
When certain variables are known and others are not, the remaining uncertainty is measured by the conditional entropy:
The joint entropy and the conditional entropy have the following relation:
This is known as ‘chain-rule’, implies that the total entropy of random variables and is the entropy of plus the remaining entropy of for a given as shown in Fig. 3. The information found commonly in two random variables is of importance in our work and this is defined as the mutual information between two variables.
If the mutual information value between two random variables is large, it means that these are two correlated variables. If the mutual information becomes zero, the two random variables are totally unrelated or the two variables are independent. The mutual information and the entropy have the following relation, as shown in Fig. 3:
We use the ability of mutual information technique in extracting important set of input variables from all input candidates in order to forecast the price. For price forecasting of an hour, we use the input set of lagged values of price up to 200 hours ago. In this the paper previous 49 days is considered as the training periods. The mutual technique uses logarithm in base 2. So all inputs and output data must maps to binomial distributions. For this purpose, all inputs and output data are linearly normalized in the range of . If each normalized variable is bigger than its median, it will map to 1 and otherwise, it will map to 0. Now, 200+1 binomial distributions for inputs and output of mutual technique are generated. According to Eq. 18, the mutual information between input and output is calculated. For this purpose, we define the joint probability similar to [2] as follows:
where can have four digits . The number of (out of all training samples) that are 0 is defined as and similarly for and .
Fig. 3. Representation Mutual Information and different Entropies [28]
Table 1. Four states of the joint probability and two state probabilities and
According to above definitions, four states of the joint probability and two state probabilities and are computed as shown in Table 1. Based on the individual and joint probabilities and replacing in Eq. (18), the mutual information between the candidate input and target variable is computed. This procedure is repeated for all inputs candidates and output and the mutual information between each input candidates and output is calculated and then are ranked. Input candidates with high mutual information are selected as important input variables for price forecasting by ANFIS algorithm and the others are discarded. As a case study on Spanish Market, the prices of sample testing days February 18, May 20, August 19 and November 18 at different seasons of 2002 and their previous 49 days are considered.In Spanish electricity market, there are 24 hourly observations each day. The data are divided into two subsets: the training sample and the testing sample. The training sample is used tobuild the forecasting model, while the testing data is applied for the robustness check of the model. By applying the mutual information technique, as described above, important lagged prices as input variables based on the value of their Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) that have the price of ( ) are ranked and shown in Table 2. 4. Forecasting Accuracy AssessmentSeveral criteria defined in [20] have been used to measure the forecast and the accuracy of the proposed MIAP approach. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) takes the absolute error of each forecast ( ), and divides it by the value ofthe actual price atthat hour ( ), and then averages these percentage errors in that forecasted hours (N). In order
Table 2. Ten high ranks input variables for testing days of Spanish Market (2002)
to avoid the adverse effect of hourly prices close to zero, the MAPE is divided by the mean actual price of that period -day or week- instead of the price in that hour. This work forecasts the price of a week ahead of electricity market and then uses weekly MAPE criterion (N=168) which can be computed as follows:
Error variance criterion is the other index used to measure the uncertainty of the proposed model. Small error variance gives more precise price prediction [20]. Weekly error variance can be defined as:
Where:
At the following, the weekly MAPE and weekly error variance are used to compare the accuracy of proposed MIAP approach with previously published approaches. The proposed hybrid MIAP approach is applied to forecast next-week in Spanish electricity market for the year of 2002 which is publicly available on its website [29]. It should be noted that the mainland Spain electricity market, a duopoly, is having a dominant player, which changes the price strategic bidding and thus it is hard to predict the electricity prices accurately for the next day [20]. Besides, we compare the approach with at least ten previously published price forecasting with the other methods previously reported in [5], [8], [9], [2], [13-15, 20, 21],[27] and [30], the same test weeks are considered and are shown in Table 3 and no exogenous input variables are selected. The forecasted price obtained with MIAP during the spring test week is shown in Fig. 4 along with actual price. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that forecasted prices of the week accurately match with the actual prices even the mild spikes and valleys on Sunday that is a unique characteristic for hybrid MIAP approach. For the winter, summer, and fall test weeks, forecasted prices are shown in Figs. 5 to 7, respectively.
Table 3. Hourly price data for forecasting methods
Fig. 4. Forecast Results of the Spring Test Week (2002)
Fig. 5. Forecast Results of the Winter Test Week (2002)
Fig. 6. Forecast Results of the Summer Test Week (2002)
Fig. 7. Forecast Results of the Fall Test Week (2002)
Table 4 compares hybrid MIPA approach and twelve other approaches regarding the MAPE criterion. In the second and third rows, results of ARIMA model and ARIMA plus wavelet transform as an external decomposer/composer have been quoted from [5, 20].The fourth row shows the results of the new fuzzy neural network quoted from [13] in which instead of decomposing price signal, it divides smoothly input space in the form of fuzzified classification. The fifth row of Table 4 represents the obtained results from an MLP neural network with LM learning algorithm, quoted from [9].In the sixth row, results of mixedmodel in which separate ARIMA model is implemented for each hour of the day are represented (quoted from [30]).The idea of separate modeling of the 24 hourly time series of electricity price is also used in [2] with neural network as forecast block. This reference uses mutual information algorithm as the feature selection technique. Results of Cascaded Neuro-Evolutionary Algorithm (CNEA) method are shown in the seventh row. The eighth row of Table 4, represents the obtained results of Adaptive Wavelet Neural Network (AWNN) quoted from [8] in which wavelet neural network is used instead of classical feed-forward neural network. Results of Hybrid Intelligent System (HIS) method [15] are shown in the ninth row. Weighted nearest neighbors (WNNs) method has been presented for electricity price forecast technique in [14]. Results of implementing this method on forecasting test weeks are shown in the tenth row. In the eleventh row, results of Wavelet-PSO-ANFIS approach are quoted from [21]. Wavelet transform is as an external decomposer/ compose. The hybrid algorithm [23] include various methodologies like Wavelet Transform (WT), Fuzzy Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (FA-PSO) and Feed Forward Neural Networks (FFNN)).It should be noted that although the idea of using hybrid PSO-ANFIS (HPA) algorithmin electricity price forecasting has been presented in [21, 27], our paper uses a different strategy, explained in Section 3.1, in using PSO algorithm for the fine-tuning of adjustable ANFIS parameters so that this strategy improves forecasting accuracy. Besides, the other part of our proposed technique includes mutual information based technique in selecting the best input features for price forecasting and disregarding the others. The results of our proposed MIAP algorithm are shown in the last row. The MAPE for the Spanish market has an average value of 57.3%. Improvement in the average MAPE of MIPA with respect to the previous eleven approaches (ARIMA, Mixed-model, NN, W-ARIMA, WNN, FNN, HIS, AWNN, CNEA, WPA, Wavelet-FA-PSO-FFNN, HPA) is 68.8%, 66.6%, 65.2%, 61.7%, 61.4%, 58.7%, 55.5%, 54.08%, 41.7%, 38.8%, 37.5%, 41%, respectively. It indicates that the average of the weekly MAPE values of the proposed approach is considerably lower than other techniques. It means that the proposed hybrid MIAP outperforms in the forecasting the electricity prices compared to other approaches.
Table 4. Comparative MAPE results for four weeks of Table 3
In Table 5, a comparison between the variance of the prediction error of the other nine approaches (ARIMA, NN, WARIMA, FNN, HIS, AWNN, CNEA, WPA) and the proposed method is shown. Smaller weekly error variance by the proposed MIAP indicates its less uncertainty in the forecasting.
Table 5. Comparative weekly forecasting error variance for four weeks of Table 3
Time series models such as ARIMA are linear predicator. Due to nonlinear behavior of electricity price signal as a function of its input, these forecasting techniques cannot predict rapid changes of the electricity price. As is shown in Table 4, the accuracy of ARIMA based techniques [5, 20] in predicting the same test weeks is less than artificial intelligence based techniques which can model the complex nonlinear relation between input variables and target price. Some previous techniques uses wavelet transform as a decomposer/composer. The accuracy of our proposed approach is better and it seems that due to high frequency components of price signals, Wavelet transform may lose some information. This fact can impact on the accuracy of wavelet based approaches. As obtained results show, ANFIS based techniques [21], and proposed MIAP approaches which uses a fuzzy inference system for training the ANN has better performance relative to NN in electricity price forecasting. Generally, the efficiency of artificial intelligence based techniques has close relation with proper selection of input variables and fine-tuning of adjustable parameters of their architecture. Input candidate can be lagged values of the price signal and exogenous variables such as load and generation data provided that they are available in the corresponding electricity market. In order to avoid the curse of dimensionality and to limit the number of adjustable parameters which is increased with number of input variables, important input variables that contribute forecasting accuracy should be selected among this potentially huge number of input variables. For this purpose, MI technique is used in the proposed MIAP approach. The proposed strategy in correct and fast tuning ANFIS parameters by PSO algorithm, explained in Section 3.1, plays important role in the accuracy of proposed price forecasting approach. Our proposed MIAP approach was executed for different weeks in different seasons of the year 2002 for the Spanish electricity market. The obtained weekly MAPEs and error variances for these weeks are close to the results of Tables 4 and 5. In order to evaluate the daily price forecasting of the proposed MIAP approach, it is examined in price forecasting of the days of the other testing week of the Spanish electricity Market (August 25-31, 2000). The accuracy of the proposed method is compared with the CENA, ARIMA and mixed-model and is shown in Table 6. Simulation results show that the daily mean errors at all days of the testing week are considerably lower than CENA, ARIMA and mixed-model. Improvement in the average mean error of the proposed approach with respect to the three mentioned approaches is 62%, 73%, 68%, respectively. Fig. 8 shows a graphical view regarding the forecast accuracy ofthe proposed method in the priceforecasting of the testing week. The weekly MAPE for thetest week has an average value of 2.21%.
Table 6. Daily mean error for August 25-31. 2000 of the Spanish Electricity market
Fig.8. Forecast Results of Summer Test Week (Aug. 2000) The simulation analyses are implemented in MATLAB. The average computational time is 54 seconds by using a Pentium P4 2.3-GHz personal computer with 6 GB of RAM memory. Considering the forecasting time horizon, this set up time is acceptable within a short-term decision making framework. This characteristic makes MIAP as a practical approach with high accuracy. 5. ConclusionAccurate electricity price forecasting is of great significance for the entire electrical power system. In doing so, this paper proposes a new hybrid method by combining the ANFIS, PSO, and MI algorithms. The proposed forecasting method is examined by using data from the Spanish market. The results confirm the considerable performance of the proposed MIAP approach in forecasting short-term electricity prices. The great performance of the proposed hybrid algorithm can be attributed to the following three causes. Firstly, the ANFIS algorithm has nonlinear mapping capabilities, which can capture the nonlinear component of electricity pricesmore easily. Secondly, PSO algorithm can well tune ANFIS parameters, in which choosing inappropriate adjusting variables will cause either under or over fitting. Thirdly, MI technique can appropriately select and limit the input variables of ANFIS structure. Extension of this method that includes more concentrating on predicting the rapid changes of price signal will be considered in the future work. [1] Submission date: - , -. , 2018 Acceptance date: - , - , 2018 Corresponding author: Rahmat-Allah Hooshmand, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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