استفاده از راهبردهای مناسب تکنیک SWOT در بهسازی و نوسازی بافت فرسوده مطالعه موردی محله سیروس تهران

اکبرپور سراسکانرود, محمد; پوراحمد, احمد; عابدینی, اصغر

تعداد نشریات	43
تعداد شماره‌ها	1,685
تعداد مقالات	13,830
تعداد مشاهده مقاله	32,696,377
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله	12,920,439

استفاده از راهبردهای مناسب تکنیک SWOT در بهسازی و نوسازی بافت فرسوده مطالعه موردی محله سیروس تهران

جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی

مقاله 5، دوره 21، شماره 4، اسفند 1389، صفحه 65-88 اصل مقاله (325.06 K)

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

محمد اکبرپور سراسکانرود^* ¹؛ احمد پوراحمد²؛ اصغر عابدینی³

¹دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، ایران

²استاد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، ایران

³دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تبریز، ایران

چکیده

اصولاً بافت قدیمی و فرسوده، بافتی می باشد که در فرآیند زمانی طولانی شکل گرفته و تکوین یافته و امروز در محاصره تکنولوژی عصر حاضر گرفتار گردیده است، چنانچه این بافت در گذشته به مقتضای زمان دارای عملکردهای منطقی و سلسله مراتبی بوده ولی امروز از لحاظ ساختاری و عملکردی دچار کمبودهایی شده و آنگونه که باید و شاید نمی تواند جوابگوی نیاز ساکنین خود باشد. برنامه ریزی راهبردی به دلیل ماهیت بلندمدتی که دارد، یکی از ارکان برنامههای ساماندهی و بهسازی به شمار میرود. فهم مناسب و استفاده دقیق از برنامهریزی راهبردی و ابزارهای تدوین برنامههای راهبردی، دستیابی به برنامههای ساماندهی و بهسازی را ممکن میسازد. بنابراین در این مقاله با استفاده از مدل SWOT راهبردهای بهسازی و نوسازی بافت فرسوده محله سیروس را به دست آوردیم. درنتیجه نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد راهبردهای تولید شده بهسازی ونوسازی محله سیروس به عنوان راهنمای تصمیمات، یکی از اجزاء سیستم هدایت، کنترل و برنامهریزی بهسازی و نوسازی شهری است. بنابراین بین این راهبردها، ابزار عمل برنامه ریزی (سرمایه گذاری دولتی، مقررات و ...) و سیستم تصمیمگیری، هماهنگی و همسویی لازم به منظور تاثیرگذاری بر بافت فرسوده محله لازم است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بهسازی؛ نوسازی؛ بافت فرسوده؛ راهبرد؛ محله سیروس؛ SOWT

اصل مقاله

Introduction

Today, the live and active texture of ’yesterday’ looks old and decrepit such that it seems that it has never had a vitality and joyful condition. Neither its body is like that of the old one nor its content! Once it was so attractive and pleasant that used to make the entire passerby to see its beauty and joy for hours. (Jahanshahi, 25:2003). However, today its old atmosphere is an avoiding atmosphere to human. Its space is old due to the fact that we take tradition as equal to oldness. It is static and unmovable since it can not meet our needs. What should we do now ? Should we leave it or observe its death? If so, then we will have a rootless city without identity with no past, no history and no memory. It is even anti-memory, so it will be fair to find a solution, but how? With which attitude? With a body-oriented and engineer-oriented attitude! Or a society-oriented view? Isn’t that a city is a social product and born of human space behavior? If that’s the case, the only approach which can make us closer to the goal, (i. e. renovation and giving life to the old body of old texture) is a systematic study of social and physical environment concurrently. (Pourahmad and Shmaei, 311:2003). Behavioral-space analysis in urban environment is a new topic which has not been noticed by urban researchers considerably, since urban studies in our country has been entangled in the trap of figure-oriented and body-oriented engineers rather than social-oriented and system-oriented engineers. (Hanachi, 22:2003). The old textures of cities in our country had been enjoying a specific dynamism and strength with a proper structure and function in harmony with the needs of its residents. (Zanoozi, 36: 2000). Though, with the abrupt increase of urban changes in recent 4 decades, the cities have not only lost their centrality but also they are not able to adapt themselves with their daily life changes. So that, today they are put forth as urban problematic spots or; in other words as ill-matched patches on the bodies of cities. The lack of a responsible management body which can adapt these textures with the structural and functional new changes based on modernity in cities have placed them in the narrow pass of inability and incompatibility with new needs. These textures not only have lost their indigenous populations, but they have been converted into places for the settlement of immigrants (in particular rural immigrants) and low income stratum who are seeking the cheapest urban spots to be settled. Consequently, it seems that the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the new residents besides the low attention of urban management in presenting facilities to revive these textures have made them more worn out. (Soltani, 20:2000). Basically, the old and worn texture is a texture which has taken shape in the course of long period of time and today is surrounded by the technology of the age. While this texture in the past had a logical and hierarchical performances due to time necessities, but today is facing shortages structurally and functionally and can not meet the needs of its own residents as it should be. (Sheikhi, 14: 1997). Strategic planning is one of the pillars of redevelopment and improvement programs. Proper understanding and precise use of strategic planning and instruments to develop strategic planning makes possible access to redevelopment and improvement programs. (Braison, 70: 2002). So, in this article, efforts have been made to develop improvement and renovation programs for Sirous district by using proper and minute instruments of objectives. The objectives of these articles are:

Assessment of the external and internal environments of Sirous district,
Developing strategies for the improvement and renovation programs in Sirous district.

In general, the most important issues and problems of worn textures can be classified as follows:

- Socio-Economic Problems: Gradual exit of old residents from the district, migration of noble social strata from the old quarters and their replacement with incongruent migrants who are in lack of any ties to these regions, the growth and expansion of various types of social violations, allocation of old textures to specific and low grade activities which absorb violators and addicts, negative growth rate of household and population, demolishing the past economic structure of the old texture which was based on bazaar, the high cost of renovation of constructional units ( this factor makes private sector investors to distance themselves from investments in these areas), the low income level and inability in private investment and incapability to absorb peoples contributions (Jamal, 29: 2007).

- Environmental Problems: Another factor which has impacts on the worn out state of a historical texture is environmental pollution. Due to the concentration of business and work place spaces and consequently the establishment of various types of terminals and storerooms, over traffic of cars inside the texture, air and noise pollution takes place. These pollutions reduce the qualitative value of life and welfare of residents. It also stops the growth and development of urban texture, increases migration to that urban area and finally it hinders the innovation of worn out texture. Noise pollution also has impacts on the spirit and body health of the residents and reduces the qualitative and quantitative values of life in that texture. (Habibi and Pourahmad, 58: 2007).

- The Skeleton and Accessibility Problems: The low quality of the texture and using unfavorable products, full adaptability of the old texture with worn out textures and the existence of various limits of historical monuments, high population density along with low construction density, intensive shortage of urban public services like per capita green space or urban equipments, location improper distribution of urban services, division of lands of the region into small pieces and fine-grained condition of textures, the lack of infrastructures in harmony with the population at the region level such as parking, intensive skeleton vulnerability at the time of natural dangers such as earthquake, using low durable products such as bricks, dried bricks and wood. (Arab Ahmadi, 32: 2007).

An Introduction to Sirous District

Sirous district which was named Chalemedian in the past was one of the five districts forming the old Tehran. Sirous district in the urban divisions of Tehran is at district No. 17 of Region No. 12 with an area of about 40 hectares. It is bordered with 15 Khordad street in the north, Ray in the east, Molavi in the south and Mostafa Khomeini in the west of its limits. In three corners related to it, there are important cross sections such as Qiyam square, Molavi intersection and Sirous Intersection. With the establishment of over crossing bridge over Ray street and broadening this pivot, the fourth corner has a disordered situation. Following the destruction of neighboring units, this street has found a destructive and ruined form. The shape of this urban block is irregular trapezoid whose highest side along with 15 Khordad street has 710 meters of length and its shortest side has a 500 meters length. The two neighboring sides of Molavi and Sirous have stretched 650 and 700 meters accordingly. (Tehran Municipality, Tehran, 2007)

Research Methodology

At the first stage, the improvement and renovation program at Sirous district was developed. For this purpose, first the internal and external environment of the district was evaluated using assessment matrix for internal and external factors. The primary strategies of urban improvement and renovation program were developed through matrix of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In order to determine acceptable strategies, with the help of internal and external matrix and based on the location in the boxes of this matrix, the present position of Sirous district was specified from the viewpoint of worn out condition. Also, the ranking and prioritizing matrix of strategies was used. So in order to identify the strong and weak points (strengths and weaknesses) and also opportunities and threats of Sirous district, the library sources and documents related to the powers and limits of city, regional and national macro plans, improvement and renovation plans of the district under consideration and the urban experts and authorities' views were used. Each of the four fold factors of SWOT were analyzed after identification and at the following stage, SWOT matrix was formed. Then each of the four factors was classified with regard to their importance based on questionnaire and according to the views of urban experts and officials. In this research, Likret spectrum and scale was used to measure the priorities and rank the external and internal factors. (SWOT). Thus, firstly the sample community was specified in order to prioritize the four fold factors including the views of experts and officials of the project of improvement and renovation of respective district. The sample volume was more than 20 cases. Then questionnaires were developed on the areas of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) and using Likret spectrum, they were graded from 1 to 5 for assessment of the community.

Internal-External Assessment

Internal and external assessment makes decision makers and planners adopt quantitative assessment in those stages in the process of developing objectives and strategies. (Roberts and Sykes, 20:2000). The small decisions which are made on the relative importance of internal and external factors of Sirous district bring about a possibility to present different objective and strategies effectively. The total final grades of external factors for Sirous district in the matrix of external factor assessment ( i.e. opportunities and threats) is 40.32 percent ( of which 34 percent of these factors form opportunities). This percentage means that the district has not been able to utilize the factors which create opportunities or positions) or it has not been able to distance itself from the factors which cause threat. (Tables No. 1).

Table 1: Matrix of External Factors (Opportunities) and Matrix of External Factors (Threats)

Row	Threats	Frequency					Row	Opportunities	Frequency
Row	Threats	Very low	Low	Medium	High	Very high	Row	Opportunities	Very low	Low	Medium	High	Very High
1	General worn condition of Central Tehran	0	2	18	0	0	1	Possibility of using the district mosque as a center for social institutions	0	2	18	0	0
2	Commercial activities focus	0	6	14	0	0	2	Settlement in Central Tehran	0	0	0	7	13
3	Shortage of public roads and transportation	0	0	20	0	0	3	Relative coordination for the height of monuments in the district ant neighboring areas	0	0	20	0	0
4	Escape of administrative and cultural activities from the city center	0	3	17	0	0	4	Access to urban central services	0	0	20	0	0
5	Urban life recession at night	0	0	20	0	0	5	Neighborhood with Tehran bazaar	0	3	17	0	0
6	Air and noise pollution in the city center	2	10	8	0	0	6	The existence of main road of old bazaar of Nayebalsaltaneh which in the surrounding texture links two streets together	0	0	0	14	6
7	Lack of environment safety	0	2	18	0	0	7	The existence of health centers in neighboring districts	0	6	14	0	0
8	Shortage of open and green spaces	0	0	20	0	0	8	The existence of better educational centers in neighboring districts	0	9	11	0	0
9	The arrival of drugs into the district and misuse the unawareness of residents by drug Mafia	0	0	0	6	14	9	Importance of the limit due to the existence of old monuments and passages	0	8	12	0	0
Table 1 continued
10	Exit of original residents from the city center	0	0	0	9	11	10	The existence of accesses in the surrounding of limits	0	0	0	10	10
11	Tendency of low income people to settle in the city center	0	0	0	12	8	11	Mild slope of district lands in most parts	0	0	0	13	7
12	Lack of interest in investing in worn textures	0	0	0	6	14	12	The possibility of using destructive spaces for the construction of public parking near Naeb passage road	0	0	0	8	12
13	Lack of possibility of attracting people contribution and high economic standing individuals	0	0	0	8	12	13	Interested old residents	3	10	7	0	0
14	Lack of reference group in the district	0	0	0	12	8	14	Possibility of using internal and external loans	0	0	0	11	9
15	Lack of encouraging approaches	4	4	8	0	0	15	Access to employment facilities in central Tehran	0	0	20	0	0
16	Imposing public rules on specific conditions	0	10	10	0	0	16	Potential of added value of land and estates	0	0	20	0	0
17	Weakness of authorities of local management	4	11	5	0	0	17	Structure of Nayebalsalataneh bazaar as a shopping center	0	5	15	0	0
18	Low managerial life of urban managers ( in particular the mayor)	6	8	8	0	0	18	Economic facilities of owners of commercial centers to change the use or correct it	0	5	15	0	0
19	Various centers of decision making in relation with the urban affairs of the district	0	0	0	11	9	19	The existence of cultural commons in particular religious ones among the residents	0	0	0	10	10
20	Lack of coordination among the legislated rules in the respective organizations	0	0	0	13	7	20	Determination of officials to interfere to reconstruct the district	0	0	20	0	0
21	Shortage of specialized forces in municipality cadre	0	10	10	0	0	21	The existence of regulations related to broadening the passages and interference in roads networks	0	0	0	9	11
22	Imitative form of redevelopment plans nationwide	6	9	5	0	0	22	The existence of regulations related to monuments renovations	0	10	10	0	0
23	Lack of attention to people contribution	0	0	20	0	0	23	Participation of people in administrating the district and renovation plan	8	12	0	0	0
							24	The availability of necessary bed ground for the formation of people management institutions	0	0	0	9	11
							25	Attention of urban management to participation and contribution	0	0	0	9	11
							26	Strict treatment with drug addicts	0	9	11	0	0

Very low score:1 Low score: 2 Average score: 3 High Score : 4 Very high score : 5 The total final scores of external factors for Sirous district in the matrix of external factors assessment (Opportunities and Threats) is 59/68 percent ( of which 52/26 percent are forming the strengths). This percent means that the district has higher strengths as compared with its weak points. So, by presenting proper approaches, it will be possible to use the following strengths (strong points) for the improvement and renovation of worn textures of the district. The total final scores of internal factors for Sirous district in the matrix of assessment of internal factor are 52/26 percent. This percentage means that from the viewpoint of impact factor in improvement and renovation of worn textures of the district, the internal factors include more than 50 percent. (Tables No. 2).

Table 2: Matrix for the Assessment of Internal Factors (Strengths) and Matrix for the Assessment of Internal Factors (Weak points)

Row	Weak Points	Very low	Low	Average	High	Very high		Strong Points	Very low	Low	Average	High	Very high
1	Shortage and lack of existence of green space and public open spaces	0	0	0	6	14	1	The existence of Rameshe Religious Place[a place where the martyrdom of the 3^rd Imam of Shiite is mourned for] as a center for social solidarity of the district	0	0	0	12	8
2	Shortage and lack of diversity of urban performances including social, cultural, educational and recreational spaces	0	0	0	7	13	2	The remaining historical texture	8	9	3	0	0
3	Shortage of public services in the district	0	0	20	0	0	3	Pivots of a district remaining from the old Tehran	8	12	0	0	0
4	The existence of incompatible use	0	6	14	0	0	4	The possibility of reconstruction and space redevelopment and making new openings in the cross road	10	10	0	0	0
5	Weak access of those who drive in particular to the southern part	0	0	0	15	5	4		10	10	0	0	0
6	Shortage of urban equipments and installations	0	0	0	8	12	5	The possibility of the creation of urban spaces with identity in main cross roads of bazaar	0	0	0	13	7
7	Weakness in collecting and removing garbage in the district	0	4	16	0	0	6	The relatively even height of building accumulation beside each other	6	14	0	0	0
8	Busy area and high noise	0	3	17	0	0	7	Easiness in interfering in the texture due to high percent of buildings with one or two floors	0	0	0	6	14
9	Intensive worn of skeleton texture of the district	0	0	20	0	0	8	Active margin	10	8	2	0	0
Table 2 continued
10	High age of monuments and worn condition of residential units	0	0	0	4	16	9	Settlement oldness	0	0	0	0	0
11	Non-standard materials used in the structure of most buildings	0	0	0	10	10	10	Rate of high participation in the improvement of district	0	0	0	15	5
12	Lack of resistance of monuments against incidents and earthquake	0	0	20	0	0	10	Rate of high participation in the improvement of district	0	0	0	15	5
13	Lack of treatment –health spaces	0	0	0	9	11	11	High interest to settle in the district	0	0	0	0	0
14	Lack of distinctive inputs	0	7	13	0	0	12	High religious beliefs	0	9	1	0	0
15	Lack of public transportation facilities	0	4	16	0	0	13	High interests of households for the housing improvement	11	9	0	0	0
16	Lack of public parking lots in the district	15	5	0	0	0	14	Existence of grounds of participation in people	0	8	12	0	0
17	Using some of the residential units as storerooms	0	0	0	13	7	15	The existence of hidden and overt citizenship memories in the texture	4	11	5	0	0
18	Low quality of visual image	0	0	0	11	9	16	Low rate of house renting as compared with other districts	0	4	16	0	0
19	The existence of insecure spaces and places	0	0	20	0	0	16	Low rate of house renting as compared with other districts	0	4	16	0	0
20	Worn condition of bizarre in most of the route and lack of preservation and renovation of old monuments	0	0	0	15	5	17	Capable previous residents	2	8	10	0	0
20		0	0	0	15	5	17	Capable previous residents	2	8	10	0	0
21	Lack of the existence of proper construction model	0	3	17	0	0	18	Private ownership of estates	0	7	13	0	0
21	Lack of the existence of proper construction model	0	3	17	0	0	18	Private ownership of estates	0	7	13	0	0
22	Lack of access to lanes at the time of natural risks	0	0	20	0	0	19	Existence of local council	9	8	3	0	0
Table 2 continued
23	Low width of lanes and passages	0	0	0	7	13	20	Determination of municipality and organization of improvement for contribution	0	2	18	0	0
24	Lack of belonging sense to the place and tendency of previous resident to live outside the district	0	0	0	8	12	21	Existence of elder people in the district	0	3	17	0	0
25	Existence of traffic problems in surrounding streets	0	4	16	0	0	22	Samples of people cooperation in the affairs of the district	0	10	0	0	0
26	Population escape	0	0	0	12	8
27	Addiction and behavioral abnormalities	0	0	0	3	17
28	Settlement of low income people in the district	0	0	0	11	9
29	High percentage of single people ( bachelors)	0	0	0	12	8
30	Low income of the majority of the residents	0	0	0	5	15
31	Unemployment	0	0	0	13	7
32	Low saving	0	0	20	0	0
33	Incomes of informal sector	10	10	0	0	0
34	Being tenant in the case of most of the residents of the district	0	3	17	0	0
35	Lack of efficient use of market efficiently and allocation of it to small industrial work places	5	9	6	0	0
36	Lack of access of municipality cars to very narrow lanes to remove waste	0	0	20	0	0
37	Lack of trust of investors of private sector to the return of capital	0	0	20	0	0
38	High rate of population density	0	0	0	13	7
39	Weakness of improvement measures by municipality	0	1	19	0	0
40	Weakness of programs of organizations which are responsible for services	0	5	15	0	0
41	Weakness of programs of organizations in charge of installations	0	6	14	0	0
42	Weakness of environmental safety	0	0	20	0	0

Very low score: 1 Low score: 2 Average score: 3 High Score: 4 Very high score: 5

Developing Improvement and Renovation Strategies for the Worn Out Textures of Sirous District

Strategies of improvement and renovation of worn out texture of Sirous district makes this district moves out from its present worn situation gradually and achieve its respective position unless it faces an unfavorable situation abruptly. Studying and evaluating the strategies and selecting their most suitable one is to a great extent depending on mental decisions and data. So that, in order to select the most suitable strategies, precise principles and instruments is used for this job. With regard to the identification and analysis of four fold factors of internal and external effective factors in the area under consideration, now we form a SWOT matrix to study the effective strategic factors of improvement and renovation of the district. Thus, considering the weaknesses and strengths and also opportunities and threats affecting the improvement and renovation of worn texture of district, the SWOT matrix is drawn. (Table No. 3).

Table 3: Skeleton, Socio-Economic and Managerial SWOT of Sirous District

External Conditions

Internal Conditions

Threats

Opportunities

Weaknesses

Strengths

T1- General worn condition of Central Tehran

T2- Commercial activities focus

T3- Shortage of public roads and transportation

T4- Escape of administrative and cultural activities from the city center

T5- Urban life recession at night

T6- Air and noise pollution in the city center

T7- Lack of environment safety

T8- Shortage of open and green spaces

T9- The arrival of drugs into the district and misuse the unawareness of residents by drug Mafia

T10- Exit of original residents from the city center

T11- Tendency of low income people to settle in the city center

T12- Lack of interest in investing in worn textures

T13- Lack of possibility of attracting people contribution and high economic standing individuals

T14- Lack of reference group in the district

T15- Lack of encouraging approaches

T16- Imposing public rules on specific conditions

T17- Weakness of authorities of local management

T18- Low managerial life of urban managers ( in particular the mayor)

T19- Various centers of decision making in relation with the urban affairs of the district

T20- Lack of coordination among the legislated rules in the respective organizations

T21- Shortage of specialized forces in municipality cadre T22- Imitative form of redevelopment plans nationwide T23- Lack of attention to people contribution

O1- Possibility of using the district mosque as a center for social institutions

O2- Settlement in Central Tehran

O3- Relative coordination for the height of monuments in the district ant neighboring areas

O4- Access to urban central services

O5- Neighborhood with Tehran bazaar

O6-The existence of main road of old bazaar of Nayebalsaltaneh which in the surrounding texture links two streets together

O7- The existence of health centers in neighboring districts O8- The existence of better educational centers in neighboring districts

O9-Importance of the limit due to the existence of old monuments and passages

O10- The existence of accesses in the surrounding of limits

O11-Mild slope of district lands in most parts

O12-The possibility of using destructive spaces for the construction of public parking near Naeb passage road

O13-Interested old residents

O14-Possibility of using internal and external loans

O15-Access to employment facilities in central Tehran

O16-Potential of added value of land and estates

O17- Structure of Nayebalsalataneh bazaar as a shopping center

O18-Economic facilities of owners of commercial centers to change the use or correct it

O19-The existence of cultural commons in particular religious ones among the residents

O20- Determination of officials to interfere to reconstruct the district

O21-The existence of regulations related to broadening the passages and interference in roads networks O22- The existence of regulations related to monuments renovations O23- Participation of people in administrating the district and renovation plan

O24-The availability of necessary bed ground for the formation of people management institutions

O25-Attention of urban management to participation and contribution

O26-Strict treatment with drug addicts

W1- Shortage and lack of green and public open spaces

W2- Shortage and lack of existence of diversity of urban performances including social, cultural, educational and recreational spaces

W3-Shortage of public services in the district

W4- The existence of incompatible uses

W5- Weak access of drivers specially in the southern part

W6-Shorage of urban installations and equipments

W7-Weakness in collecting garbage and removing it

W8-Busy condition and high noise

W9-Intensive worn condition of skeleton textures of district

W10- Old age of monuments and worn condition of residential units

W11- Non-standard materials in the skeleton of most buildings

W12- Lack of resistance of buildings against incidents and earthquake

W13- Shortage of health and treatment spaces

W14- Lack of distinctive entrances

W15- Shortage of public transportation facilities

W16- Lack of public parking in the district

W17- Using some of the residential units as storeroom

\W18-Low quality of visual image

W19- The existence of insecure spaces an places

W20- Worn condition of small roofed bazaar in most of the route and shortage of preservation and renovation of old monuments

W21- The lack of existence of proper construction model

W22- Lack of possibility of access to lanes at the time of natural incidents

W23- Low width of lanes and passages

W24- Lack of existence of belonging sense to place and tendency of individuals

W25- The existence of traffic problems of surrounding streets in particular Mostafa Khomeini street ( Sirous)

W26-Population escape

W27- Addition and behavioral abnormalities

W28- Settlement of low income strata in the district

W29- High rate of bachelors

W30-Low income of majority of residents

W31- Unemployment

W32-Low saving

W34-Renting situation of housing of the majority of residents of the district

W35-Lack of efficient use of small bazaar economically and allocation of it to industrial small work places

W36- Lack of access of municipality cars to very narrow lanes for removing garbage

W37- Lack of trust of private sectors investors to the return of capital

W38-High rate of population density

W39-Weakness of improvement measures by municipality

W40-Weakness of plans of organizations in charge of services

W41-Weakness of plans of organization in charge of installations

W42-Weakness of environmental safety

S1- The existence of Religious Place of Rameshe as a center of social solidarity

S2- The remained historical texture

S3- Pivots of a district remaining from the old Tehran

S4- The possibility of reconstruction and space redevelopment and also making necessary openings in cross roads

S5- The possibility of creation of urban spaces with an identity in the main cross roads of bazaar

S6. The relatively even height of building accumulations beside each other

S7- Easiness of interference in the texture due to high percentage of units with one or two floors

S8- Active margins

S9- Oldness of settlement

S 10- Rate of high tendency to participate in district improvement

S11- High interest of people to settle in the district

S12- High religious beliefs

S13- Households tendency for housing improvement

S14- The existence of grounds for the peoples contribution

S15- The existence of overt and hidden layers of citizenship memories in the texture

S16- Low rate of renting as price of housing as compared with other districts of the city

S17- Capable previous residents

S18- Private ownership of estates

S19-Existence of local councils

S20- Determination of municipality and organization of improvement for participation

S21-The existence of elder and trusted people in the district

S22- Sample of peoples cooperation in district affairs

As it is displayed in Table No. 3, in the area under consideration, 22 spots for internal strengths vis a vis 42 internal weaknesses and also 26 external opportunities vis a vis 23 external threats were identified and analyzed in respect of the district. Thus, in total, 48 strengths and opportunities points as privileges and 65 weaknesses and threats were identified as the limits of the district for improvement and renovation.

It can be said that the area under investigation with an average rate of difference has some advantages for development but it is also facing serious obstacles in the path of development. Presenting proper and realistic approaches, the district can move to remove weaknesses and threats and use strengths and opportunities efficiently.

Prioritization of SWOT Factors

1- Inter-group prioritization of SWOT factors

SWOT is in lack of a comprehensive assessment for decision making position. Determining the priorities of some factors in groups of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats can not solely specify the most important factors. Moreover, in this manner, the importance of factors or assessment of decision making options in accordance with factors can not presented. (Dyson, 2004:632), Since planning procedure is mostly encompassing a great number of standards and their internal dependency, so using SWOT might be insufficient. With regard to the shortages of SWOT, in order to increase their efficiency, some methods are combined with SWOT. (Houben, 1999:132). In this research, list of SWOT factors was prepared in collaboration with authorities and experts within Likert Five Point Scale [This scale is a distance scale comprising of some options. It is a compound scale. Options in this scale show the importance of actors. In other words, through this scale, it is possible to determine the sensitivity of responses towards a factor. This scale is graded from 1 to 5.

1 shows the least important and 5 the most important ones in the research. (Khaki, 2006:258). This scale has been used to measure priority and rank internal and external environment factors of SWOT] and the formulas of relative weight of inter-group for each of the factors was calculated.

Formula 1: R_ij=∑S_i. F_i

Rij: Score of factor j from group i

Si: Score of Likert Five-point Scale

Fi: Frequency of options

∑R R_ij_ij

Formula 2: Y_ij=^Rij

Y_ij: Weight of Factor j from Group I

This is among the methods which is combined with SWOT in order to quantify SWOT factors and prepare grounds for the assessment of the relative importance of factors for each group and in general to assess the decision making position. So that, the whole set of SWOT factors were designed within the format of questionnaire in order to have it weighted and prioritized by the respective authorities and experts. The standard of measure and grading of each of the above factors are such that for each factor a range of 1 to 5 is determined. Number 1 means very low importance, number 2 means low importance, number 3 means average importance, number 4 means high importance and number 5 means very much importance of that factor in the improvement and renovation of the worn texture of Sirous district. Then the collected data were analyzed based on the total of obtained weights, ranking average of these weights and their relative weights. After that, they were placed inside the four fold groups for grading and prioritizing which was discussed in the above Tables. So, after giving weight to the SWOT four fold factors, now we will deal with the ranking and prioritizing of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats from the viewpoint of experts and officials.

Table 4: Ranking and measuring priorities of strengths from the viewpoint of experts and officials

Strengths	Scores	Weight average	Relative Weight	Rank
S1	88	4.4	0.0755	2
S2	35	75.1	0.0300	14
S3	32	6.1	0.0274	17
S4	30	5.2	0.0429	19
Table 4 continued
S5	87	35.4	0.746	3
S6	34	7.2	0.0463	16
S7	94	7.4	0.0806	1
S8	32	6.1	0.0274	18
S9	50	5.2	0.0429	10
S10	85	25.4	0.729	4
S11	50	5.2	0.0429	9
S12	51	55.2	0.043	8
S13	29	45.1	0.0249	22
S14	40	6.2	0.0446	13
S15	41	5.1	0.0352	12
S16	56	8.2	0.0480	6
S17	48	4.2	0.0412	11
S18	53	65.2	0.455	7
S19	34	7.1	0.0292	15
S20	30	9.2	0.0497	20
S21	57	85.2	0.0489	5
S2	30	5.1	0.257	21

Table 5: Ranking and Prioritizing Weaknesses from the viewpoint of experts and officials

Weaknesses	Scores	Weight average	Relative weight	Rank
W1	94	7.4	0.0317	4
W2	93	65.4	0.0313	5
W3	60	3	0.0202	20
W4	54	7.2	0.0182	36
W5	85	25.4	0.0286	18
W6	92	6.4	0.0310	6
W7	56	8.2	0.0189	33
W8	57	85.2	0.0192	28
W9	60	3	0.0202	21
W10	96	8.4	0.0323	2
W11	90	5.4	0.0303	8
W12	60	3	0.0202	29
W13	89	55.3	0.0207	9
Table 5 continued
W14	53	65.2	0.0179	39
W15	56	8.2	0.189	32
W16	25	25.1	0.0084	42
W17	87	35.4	0.0293	12
W18	89	45.4	0.0300	11
W19	60	3	0.0202	22
W20	85	25.4	0.0286	19
W21	75	85.2	0.0192	31
W22	60	3	0.0202	23
W23	93	65.4	0.0313	7
W24	88	6.4	0.0310	13
W25	56	8.2	0.0189	35
W26	88	4.4	0.0296	14
W27	97	85.4	0.0327	1
W28	89	45.4	0.0300	10
W29	88	4.4	0.0296	15
W30	95	75.4	0.0320	3
W31	87	35.4	0.0293	16
W32	60	3	0.0202	24
W33	30	5.1	0.0101	41
W34	57	85.2	0.0192	34
W35	41	05.2	0.0138	40
W36	60	3	0.0202	25
W37	60	3	0.0202	26
W38	87	35.4	0.0293	17
W39	58	95.2	0.0199	30
W40	55	75.2	0.0185	37
W41	54	7.2	0.0182	38
W42	60	3	0.0202	27

Table 6: Ranking and prioritizing of Opportunities from the viewpoint of experts and officials

Opportunities	Scores	Weights average	Relative weight	Rank
O1	58	9.2	0.0330	16
O2	93	65.4	0.0529	1
O3	60	3	0.0341	15
O4	60	3	0.0341	11
O5	57	85.2	0.0324	17
O6	86	3.4	0.0489	10
O7	54	7.2	0.0307	20
O8	51	55.2	0.0290	22
O9	52	6.2	0.0296	21
O10	90	5.4	0.526	2
O11	87	35.4	0.459	9
O12	90	6.4	0.0523	3
O13	44	2.2	0.0250	25
O14	89	45.4	0.0506	5
O15	60	3	0.0341	12
O16	60	3	0.0341	13
O17	55	75.2	0.0313	18
O18	55	75.2	0.0313	19
O19	90	5.4	0.0512	4
O20	60	3	0.0341	14
O21	89	75.4	0.540	6
O22	50	5.2	0.284	24
O23	32	6.1	0.0182	26
O24	89	55.4	0.517	7
O25	89	55.4	0.517	8
O26	51	55.2	0.0291	23

Table 7: Ranking and prioritizing the Threats from the experts and officials

Threats	Scores	Weight average	Relative weight	Rank
T1	58	9.2	0.0387	14
T2	54	7.2	0.0360	16
T3	60	3	0.0400	9
T4	55	85.2	0.0380	15
T5	60	3	0.0400	10
T6	40	3.2	0.307	22
Table 7 continued
T7	60	9.2	0.387	11
T8	60	3	0.400	12
T9	90	7.4	0.637	2
T10	89	55.4	0.0607	1
T11	88	4.4	0.0587	5
T12	90	7.4	0.627	3
T13	82	6.4	0.0613	8
T14	88	4.4	0.0587	6
T15	36	2.2	0.0293	23
T16	50	5.2	0.0333	17
T17	41	5.2	0.0273	20
T18	46	2	0.0267	19
T19	89	45.4	0.593	4
T20	87	35.4	0.580	7
T21	50	5.2	0.0333	18
T22	39	95.1	0.260	21
T23	60	3	0.0400	13

The results of the study of prioritization of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and also the evaluation of experts and officials of the SWOT factors within the method of relative weighting shows that in the strengths group, the facilitation of interference in the texture is possible due to the high percentage of units with one and two floors (with a relative weight 0. 0806). Also due to the existence of Rameshi religious place as the center of social solidarity of the district (with a relative weight 0. 0755) it is possible to make urban spaces with identity in the main cross roads of bazaar (with the relative weight 0. 746) and these are the strengths of Sirous district in improvement and renovation of worn textures.

2- Prioritizing intra-group of SWOT factors

Prioritizing SWOT factors in separate groups can not show the relative importance of the set of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in relation with each other. So, in this article, after determining the relative priorities of each of factors in separate groups of SWOT as the representative of each group, the experts were asked to compare the four factors of each group with each other in pair and then determine their importance as compared with other factors within the Likert scale. Thus, by calculating the weight of each factor (representative of each group SWOT) of the scaled factors, four groups of SWOT were obtained and for calculating external final priority, the SWOT factors were used.

Formula 3:

Rij=Final weight of factor (intra-group weight)

Wmaxi=Factor weight with highest weight of each group

Rij=Yij. Wmaxi

This output plays an important role in identifying SWOT prioritized factors in improving and renovating the worn out texture of Sirous. They can also serve as a proper base to develop proper strategies. (Table No. 8).

Table 8: Pair Comparison of the most important four fold factors of SWOT

Relative importance of factors	t12	o2	w27	s7	Improvement and Renovation of Worn Textures of Sirous District
0.5226	4	4	5	1	s7
0.2338	3	4	1	2	w27
0.1696	5	1	25	25	o2
0.0740	1	2	33	25	t12

Now we will deal with the final prioritization of SWOT factors in improving and renovating the worn textures of Sirous district.

Table 9: Final priority of SWOT factors in line with improvement and renovation of worn texture of the district

Row	Factor	Relative weight	Agent code
1	Facility of interference in the texture due to the existence of high percent of buildings with one and two floors	0.0452	S7
2	The existence of Rameshe religious place as the center of social solidarity of the district	0.0423	S1
3	Possibility of creation of urban spaces with identity in main cross roads of small market passage	0.0419	S5
4	Rate of tendency to high participation in improvement of the district	0.0409	S10
5	The existence of elder people in the district	0.0274	S21
6	Low rate of renting fee and housing price as compared with other districts of city	0.0269	S16
7	Private ownership of estates	0.0255	S18
8	High religious beliefs	0.0245	S12
9	Tendency to settlement in the district	0.0241	S11
10	Old habitation	0.0241	S9
11	Previous powerful residents	0.0231	S17
12	The existence of hidden and overt layers of citizenship memories in the texture	0.0197	S15
13	The existence of peoples participation in people	0.0192	S14
14	The remaining historical texture	0.0168	S2
Table 9 continued
15	The existence of local councils	0.0164	S19
16	The relatively even height of building units near each other	0.0164	S6
17	Pivots of districts remaining from old Tehran	0.0154	S3
18	Active margin	0.0154	S8
19	Determination of municipality and organization of improvement for participation	0.0144	S20
20	Possibility of reconstruction and space redevelopment and making necessary openings in cross roads	0.0144	S4
21	Samples of people cooperation in district affairs	0.0144	S22
22	Tendency of households for housing improvement	0.0140	S13
23	Settlement in central Tehran	0.0090	O2
24	The existence of accesses in the suburb of limits	0.0087	O10
25	Possibility of using destructive spaces for the construction of public parking near Naeb passage	0.0087	O12
26	The existence of cultural commons in particular religions ones among the inhabitants	0.0087	O19
27	Possibility of using local and foreign loans	0.0086	O14
28	Existence of rules related to the widening of passages and interference in road networks	0.0086	O21
29	The availability of necessary bed grounds for the formation of peoples management institutions	0.0086	O24
30	Attention of urban management to contribution	0.0086	O25
31	Mild slope of lands of district in most parts of it	0.0084	O11
32	The existence of old main bazaar of Naebalsaltaneh which links the main street which surrounds the texture (15 Khordad)	0.0083	O6
33	Addition and behavioral abnormalities	0.0077	W27
34	High rate of age of monuments and worn condition of residential units	0.0076	W10
35	Low income of majority of residents	0.0075	W30
36	Shortage and lack of green spaces and public open spaces	0.0074	W1
37	Low width of lanes and passages	0.0073	W23
38	Shortage of urban installations and equipments	0.0073	W6
39	Shortage and lack of diversity of urban performances including social, cultural, educational and recreational spaces	0.0073	W2
40	Non-standard products of the skeleton in most units	0.0071	W11
41	Shortage of heath and treatment spaces	0.0070	W13
42	Settlement of low income people in the district	0.0070	W28
43	Low quality of visual image	0.0070	W18
44	Using some residential units as storerooms	0.0069	W17
45	Lack of belonging sense to location and tendency of old individuals to settle outside the district	0.0069	W24
46	Population escape	0.0069	W26
Table 9 continued
47	High rate of bachelors	0.0069	W29
48	Unemployment	0.0069	W31
49	High rate of population density	0.0069	W38
50	Weak access of those who drive in particular in the southern part	0.0067	W5
51	Worn condition of small market in most of the route and lack of preservation and renovation of old monuments	0.0067	W20
52	Relative coordination of the height of monuments in the district and neighboring areas	0.0058	O3
53	Potential of added value of estates and lands	0.0058	O16
54	Access to urban central services	0.0058	O4
55	Access to the possibilities of employment in central Tehran	0.0058	O15
56	Determination of authorities to interfere in reconstruction of the district	0.0058	O20
57	Possibility of using the mosque of district as the center of social institutions	0.0056	O1
58	Being in neighborhood of Tehran bazaar	0.0056	O5
59	Structure of Nayeb al Saltaneh bazaar as a shopping center	0.0053	O17
60	Economic facilities of owners of business centers to change its use or correct it	0.0053	O18
61	The existence of health and treatment centers in neighboring districts	0.0052	O7
62	Importance of limit due to the existence of old monuments and passages	0.0052	O9
63	Existence of better educational centers in neighboring districts	0.0049	O8
64	Strict treatment of Law Enforcement Forces with drug addicts of the district	0.0049	O26
65	Existence of rules related with renovation of monuments	0.0048	O22
66	Shortage of public services in the district	0.0048	W3
67	Intensive worn conditions of skeleton textures of the district	0.0047	W9
68	The existence of insecure spaces and places	0.0047	W19
69	Lack of access to lanes at the time of natural incidents	0.0047	W22
70	Low saving	0.0047	W32
71	Lack of access of municipality automobiles to very narrow lanes to remove garbage	0.0047	W36
72	Lack of trust of private sector investors in return of capital	0.0047	W37
73	Environmental security weakness	0.0047	W42
74	Exit of noble and original people from the city center	0.0045	T10
75	Arrival of drugs to the district and misuse of drug Mafia from the unawareness of inhabitants	0.0045	T9
76	Lack of tendency to investment in worn textures	0.0045	T12
77	Variety of decision making institutions in relation with the urban affairs of the district	0.0045	T19
78	Busy areas and high noise	0.0045	W8
79	Lack of strength of monuments against incidents and earthquake	0.0045	W12
Table 9 continued
80	Weakness of civil measures by municipality	0.0045	W39
81	Lack of existence of proper construction model	0.0045	W21
82	Shortage of facilities for public transportation	0.0044	W15
83	Weakness in collecting garbage and removing that in the district	0.0044	W7
84	Renting situation of housing of the majority of district residents	0.0044	W34
85	Lack of coordination among legislated rules in the respective organizations	0.0044	T20
86	Tendency of immigrant low income stratum to settlement in city center	0.0044	T11
87	Lack of reference groups in the district	0.0044	T14
88	Existence of traffic problems in surrounding streets in particular Mostafa Khomeini Street (Sirous)	0.0044	W25
89	Existence of incompatible uses	0.0043	W4
90	Interested old residents	0.0043	O13
91	Weakness of plans by organizations which are responsible for services	0.0043	W40
92	Planning weakness of organizations in charge of installations	0.0043	W41
93	Lack of distinctive entries	0.0042	W14
94	Lack of possibility to absorb people contribution and high standing economic people	0.0041	T13
95	Lack of efficient use of small bazaar and allocation of it to small industrial work places	0.0032	W35
96	Contribution of people in administrating the district and renovation plan	0.0031	O23
97	Inefficient public roads and transportation	0.0030	T3
98	Recession of urban life at night	0.0030	T5
99	Lack of environmental safety	0.0030	T7
100	Shortage of open and green spaces	0.0030	T8
101	Lack of attention to peoples contribution	0.0030	T23
102	General worn condition of central Tehran	0.0029	T1
103	Escape of administrative and cultural activities from the city center	0.0028	T4
104	Concentration of commercial activities	0.0027	T2
105	Imposing public regulations on specific conditions	0.0025	T16
106	Shortage of specialized forces in municipality cadre	0.0025	T21
107	Incomes of informal sector	0.0024	W33
108	Short management life of urban mangers ( in particular the mayor)	0.0023	T18
109	Weakness of authorities of local management	0.0021	T17
110	Imitative form of redevelopment plan nationwide	0.0020	T22
111	Air and noise pollution at city center	0.0020	T6
112	Lack of public parking at the district	0.0020	W16
113	Lack of motivating approaches	0.018	T15

According to the results, though weaknesses and threats factors of Sirous district have allocated the middle priorities of final matrix to themselves, but the share of strengths and opportunities of the total relative weight of inter-group is about 86 percent. (Table 9 and Diagram 1). This shows the importance of strengths and opportunities factors in line with improvement and renovation of worn out textures of Sirous district. Totally, they prepare conditions upon which it will be possible to develop a strategic program and expand strategies. Furthermore, it will be possible to reduce the threats intensity and scope of weaknesses in line with development of renovation and improvement of worn textures.

Figure 1: Graphic interpretation of the results of pair comparison of SWOT groups and factors

Conclusion

Worn textures are the identity of cities and they should be preserved and utilized. In the far past, the community which used to settle in the old texture enjoyed a good economic standing. Relying on such a capabilities, they had established some monuments with high extraordinary value, whereas the present residents of the texture have a limited income. They are not expected to take steps to revive the texture of the city solely. Also, it can not be expected that in this texture, they should live with all the respective shortages and difficulties and this is not possible. For this reason, some approaches should be presented in order to utilize the existing spaces in the texture to promote the quality of environment and develop urban spaces. Planning for the improvement and renovation of worn texture of Sirous district provided us with the following results:

The attitude of decision makers in dealing with the urban worn textures has been unilateral and skeleton-based attitude so far. Moreover, the mutual interaction among the executives, decision makers, decision takers and users has been ignored.
With regard to the lack of tendency of financial contribution of the residents of worn out areas due to low economic standing, construction of proper houses is not an evidence that they want to remain there, so in order to make them remain, it is of high importance to have a strong economic structure in place.
The existence of unpredictable and predictable positive or negative impacts that each improvement and renovation plan of urban texture might have on neighboring areas, it is necessary to make a study of neighboring regions.
Even if the improvement and renovation programs are efficient in Sirous district, then there might be winners and losers among the residents, in that case, there is a need to make efforts to control the rate of these uneven results.
Planning improvement and renovation of worn out textures in micro areas such as Sirous district is feasible. Using the objectives and strategies being put forth, it will be possible to prepare suitable conditions for life.

Considering the low tendency of the residents to participate in improvement and renovation programs of Sirous district, it is possible to use the religious commonalities as an important factor to create ground and to motivate people for further contribution. The existence of Rameshi religious place in the district can serve as a venue for the formation of peoples group to participate in the process of improvement and renovation of texture.

The produced strategies can serve as a guide for decision making, and as a part of the orientation system, controlling and planning for urban improvement and renovation of district. So, among these strategies, there is a need to instrument of planning (governmental investment, regulations, …), decision making system, necessary coordination and convergence in order to have impact on the worn out texture of Sirous district.

مراجع

- Bryson John M, (2002), Strategic Planning for Non-Governmental and Non-Profit Organizations, Translated by Abbas Monavarian, Publications of Management and Planning Organization, Center for Governmental Management Education, Tehran

- Pourahmad, Ahmad and Shamei, Ali, (2005), Urban Improvement and Renovation from the Viewpoint of Geography, First Edition, and University of Tehran Press

- Jamal, Mohammad Jafar, (2007), Planning and Design for Worn and Inefficient Urban Textures with and Emphasize on Peoples Participation, Municipalities Monthly Review, Year 8, No. 81

- ahan Shahi, Mohammad Hossein (2003), Analysis of Worn and Problematic Textures and Their Strategies, Urbanism Journal, No. 5

- Habibi, Kiyomars and Pourahmad, Ahmad and Meshkini, Abolfazl, (2007), Improvement and Renovation of Urban Old Textures, First Edition, Kurdistan University Publications

- Hanachi, Simin, (2003), Necessity of Reviving Old Textures of Iranian Cities, Proceedings of Improvement and Renovation of Worn and Inefficient Textures, Tehran city

- Khaki, Gholamreza, (2006), Methodology with a View to Writing Dissertation, Drayat Publishing Cultural Center, 5^th Edition, Tehran

- Zenoozi, Farokh(2000), Basic Problems of Improvement and Renovation of Historical and Old Centers of Cities, (1975-2000), Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, Nos. 58, 59, 9^th Period

- Soltani, Farhad (2000), Critique of the Experience of Renovation and Improvement in Iran, Nos. 58, 59

- Tehran Municipality, (2007), Office of Deputy for Coordination and Planning, Introduction to City Tehran, Center for Studies and Planning of Tehran

- Sheikhi, Mohammad Javad(1997), Proceedings of Conference on Urban Textures, Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, Mashhad, June

- Arab Ahmadi, Maryam (2007), Introduction to Urban Worn Textures and Method of Their Formation, Municipalities Monthly Journals, 8^th Year, No. 81

- Dayson, R. G (2004), Strategic Development and SWOT Analysis at the University of War Wick, European Journal of Operational Research, No 52, Elsevier

- Houben, c. Lenie, k. and Vanhoof, k (1999), a Knowledge Based SWOT Analysis System as an in Strumpet for Strategic Planning in Ssmall and Medium Sized Enterprises, Decision Support Systems, No 26, Elsevier

- Roberts, Peter and Sykes, Hugh (2000), Urban Regeneration, SAGE Publication, London, UK.

- P. K. Srivastava, C. S. Mohanty, A. Singh (2005), Stakeholder-Based SWOT Analysis for Successful Municipal Solid Waste Management in Lucknow, India, Waste Management 25, 531–537

- Yuksel, I and deviren, M. D (2007), Using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) in a SWOT Analysis – a Case Study for Textile Firm, Information Sciences, No177, Elsevier

آمار

تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 726

تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,047

سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب

پیوندهای مفید

اخبار و اعلانات

آمار

استفاده از راهبردهای مناسب تکنیک SWOT در بهسازی و نوسازی بافت فرسوده مطالعه موردی محله سیروس تهران